#11758. Consumption Tax Reform and the Real Economy: Evidence From Indias Adoption of a Value-Added Tax

September 2026publication date
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Education;
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Abstract:
We study the impact of a consumption tax reform on firm capital and productivity by examining Indias replacement of the sales tax with a value-added tax (VAT). Unlike the sales tax, the VAT allowed firms to offset their tax liability with VAT paid on capital inputs, effectively reducing the tax-related cost of capital. Exploiting the staggered adoption of the tax reform across Indian states, we show that VAT adoption increased firm capital by 3%. The effects are driven by financially-constrained firms – an important source of heterogeneity in a developing country context. We also document a corresponding improvement in the productivity of financially-constrained firms. Our findings thus suggest that beyond revenue generation, consumption tax reforms can have the additional effect of stimulating investment and productivity in resource-constrained environments.
Keywords:
Сonsumption tax reform; capital inputs; investment

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