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#12897. Between Denmark and Moscovia: the Kola S?mi in the border conflict of the second half of the sixteenth–first quarter of the seventeenth century

2022	publication date
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Abstract:
We examine the problem of the double taxation of the S?mi of the Kola Peninsula, who were in the dual tax jurisdiction of Denmark and the Russian state in the sixteenth–early seventeenth centuries. The origin of double taxation is associated with the unestablished borders in the Far North of Europe: each country considered Finnmark and the Kola Peninsula as part of its sphere of influence. We conclude that the double taxation of the S?mi of the Kola Peninsula was started in the second half of the sixteenth century as a consequence of the escalation of the conflict between the two states. Denmark and Russia used taxation as a means of fighting for disputed territories. In the 1590s, Denmark drove out Russian tax collectors from Finnmark. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Russian state took similar measures, prohibiting Danish tax collectors from entering the territory of the Kola district. Nevertheless, the double taxation of the S?mi of the Kola Peninsula with Danish and Russian tax persisted even after the introduction of a ban on entry into the disputed lands. This measure was a compromise, hindering the development of a possible military conflict with the Danish kingdom.
Keywords:
double taxation; Finnmark; Kola Peninsula; sixteenth-seventeenth century; S?mi; Tax

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#12898. “If we want to have a good future, we need to do something about it”. Youth, security and imagined horizons in the intercultural Arctic Norway

2022	publication date
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Security is an issue often raised when discussing the Arctic, a region where international relations and tensions between the great powers of the past and present often are taken-for-granted as the traditional scope of dialog. We have chosen to focus on youth in Arctic Norway, their perceived notion of security in their everyday lives, and how this influences their perceived possibilities for the future. We combine human security and ontological security perspectives with the concept of imagined horizons to grasp the discrepancy that we find between how the Arctic is defined from an international relations perspective, and the Arctic that youth in northern Norway understand in their everyday lives. We base the analysis on qualitative interviews with youth of various ethnic backgrounds in the Arctic town Alta in Norway, where we have interviewed them about security, cultural differences, climate change and environmental issues in the Arctic.
Keywords:
Arctic Norway; human security; imagined horizons; intercultural; security; youth

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#12899. “Who would want to lay down into the permafrost?”: an attempt to explain differences in migration rates, strategies and attitudes in two Russian northern cities

2022	publication date
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The macro-level explanations for the massive outflux of the population from the Russian Arctic after 1991 mostly do not account for local differences in out-migration rates. At the same time, these differences can be exceptionally large. This paper uses ethnographic methods to explain significant differences in the rates of population outflux between the cities of Vorkuta and Ukhta, Komi Republic, Russia, which exist despite the very similar history and current social and macroeconomic situation of the two cities. The study indicates differences in attitudes to migration and in-migration strategies among the inhabitants of the two cities. It is suggested that the presence of a large group of inhabitants with the same geographic origin and the same solidarity-promoting occupation in Vorkuta, but not in Ukhta, in the late Soviet period can partly explain this difference. The migration of the members of this group back towards the region of their origin created a migration network with certain cultural norms and expectations related to it; thus, a certain culture of migration emerged. The study points to the potentially significant role of social and cultural factors in shaping the patterns of recent migrations from the Russian Arctic.
Keywords:
daughter communities; migration culture; migration strategies; network migration; Russian Arctic

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#12900. The Sami cooperative herding group: the siida system from past to present

2022	publication date
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The Sami siida has been described as an organizational institution tailored to meet the dynamic demands of reindeer herding. Historically, it has been characterized as a relatively small group based on kinship. It was formed around a core sibling group and distinguished by a norm of equality where herding partners were equals regardless of social status. Moreover, it was informally led by a wealthy and skilfull person whose authority was primarily related to herding. One of the critical aspects of the siida was flexibility: composition and size changed according to the season, and members were free to join and leave the groups as they saw fit. This comparative study of the current status of the siida system in the Northern and Southern parts of Norway shows that the main difference between the historical representation of the siida system and today concerns a loss of flexibility. Only two herders reported to have changed summer and winter siida since 20XX. Furthermore, while the siida continues to be family-based, leadership is becoming more formal. Nevertheless, decision-making continues to be influenced by concerns of equality.
Keywords:
Cooperation; group formation; herding group; nomadic pastoralism; Norway; Sami

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#12901. “The working language is Norwegian. Not that this means anything, it seems”: when expectations meet the new multilingual reality

2022	publication date
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Linguistic and cultural diversity in Northern Norwegian working life has increased dramatically in the twenty-first century. Based on a series of telephone interviews with company representatives, this article presents an overview of the new multilingual reality in many workplaces and analyzes how managers and administrators position their expectations and experiences of it. Participants’ responses suggest that many workplaces are linguistically segregated. Though most participants said their companies did not have explicit workplace language policies, they expressed clear perceptions of how things should be in their workplaces, and these were often in conflict with their descriptions of the status quo. We also show how multiple contextual conditions in and out of workplaces, both ideological and practical, informed participants’ accounts of multilingual practices in their workplaces. Static and normative ideological positions are challenged by employees’ language choices, practices, and developments on a societal level, particularly those of the labour market, which regulates companies’ access to workers. Our study reveals the need for applicable knowledge about multilingual practices and sociolinguistic relations in workplaces.
Keywords:
diversity; language ideology; language policy; migration; Northern Norway; Workplace multilingualism

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