#11374. Geographical distribution and social determinants of Tobacco 21 policy adoption and retail inspections in the United States, 20XX-20XX

July 2026publication date
Proposal available till 12-05-2025
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Journal’s subject area:
Health (social science);
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health;
Medicine (miscellaneous);
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More details about the manuscript: Science Citation Index Expanded or/and Social Sciences Citation Index
Abstract:
Tobacco control laws that raise the minimum age of tobacco sales to 21 years (T21) play a pivotal role in youth tobacco prevention, yet empirical data are sorely needed to inform enforcement, compliance efforts, and future legislation. Spatial analysis was conducted at the zip code level by geocoding the localities that adopted T21 ordinances from 20XX to 20XX. A multi-level logistic regression model was conducted to examine disparities in neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), retail inspection, and tobacco control policies associated with T21 adoption. Nearly 40% of zip codes with tobacco retailers did not receive annual tobacco retail inspections for underage sales in 20XX. The average retail violation rate of underage sales of tobacco products in T21 regions was lower than in non-T21 regions. Disparities in T21 adoption, retail inspections, and retail compliance may limit the policy impact. Unified enforcement of youth tobacco access restrictions with resources and interventions in vulnerable communities is needed to reduce tobacco-related health disparities.
Keywords:
Disparities; Social determinant; Tobacco 21

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