#6150. Exploring Parallelism to Improve the Performance of FrodoKEM in Hardware

September 2026publication date
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Journal’s subject area:
Computer Networks and Communications;
Software;
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Abstract:
FrodoKEM is a lattice-based key encapsulation mechanism, currently a semi-finalist in NIST’s post-quantum standardisation effort. A condition for these candidates is to use NIST standards for sources of randomness (i.e. seed-expanding), and as such most candidates utilise SHAKE, an XOF defined in the SHA-3 standard. However, for many of the candidates, this module is a significant implementation bottleneck. Trivium is a lightweight, ISO standard stream cipher which performs well in hardware and has been used in previous hardware designs for lattice-based cryptography. This research proposes optimised designs for FrodoKEM, concentrating on high throughput by parallelising the matrix multiplication operations within the cryptographic scheme. This process is eased by the use of Trivium due to its higher throughput and lower area consumption. The parallelisations proposed also complement the addition of first-order masking to the decapsulation module.
Keywords:
FPGA; FrodoKEM; Hardware Security; Lattice-Based Cryptography; Post-Quantum Cryptography; Side-Channel Analysis

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