#9697. Impacts of acoustic-phonetic variability on perceptual development for spoken language: A review

August 2026publication date
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Journal’s subject area:
Psychology (all);
Neuroscience (all);
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Abstract:
This article reviews research on when acoustic-phonetic variability facilitates, inhibits, or does not impact perceptual development for spoken language, to illuminate mechanisms by which variability aids learning of language sound patterns. We first summarize structures and sources of variability. We next present proposed mechanisms to account for how and why variability impacts learning. Finally, we review effects of variability in the domains of speech-sound category and pattern learning; word-form recognition and word learning; and accent processing. Variability can be helpful, harmful, or neutral depending on the learners age and learning objective. Irrelevant variability can facilitate childrens learning, particularly for early learning of words and phonotactic rules. For speech-sound change detection and word-form recognition, children seem either unaffected or impaired by irrelevant variability. At the same time, inclusion of variability in training can aid generalization. Variability between accents may slow learning—but with the longer-term benefits of improved comprehension of multiple accents.
Keywords:
children; language acquisition; phonological development; variability; word learning

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