#6599. Hexavalent chromium reduction by ZnO, SnO2 and ZnO-SnO2 synthesized using biosurfactants from extract of Solanum macrocarpon

December 2026publication date
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Journal’s subject area:
Education;
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes;
Energy (miscellaneous);
Filtration and Separation;
Process Chemistry and Technology;
Catalysis;
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Abstract:
In this study, ZnO, SnO2 and their composite (ZnO-SnO2) were synthesized by green route using aqueous extract of Solanum macrocarpon fruit and were used for the photo-reduction of hexavalent chromium. The synthetic route involved a two-step procedure, induced by temperature via calcination at 350 and 600 °C. The composite was prepared by the treatment of a mixture of the precursor compounds to a temperature up to 800 °C, and the extension of the temperature to 1000 °C, resulted in the emergence of ZnO-SnO2-Zn2SnO4 (ZTO). The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV–vis spectroscopy. The XRD studies of the binary oxides confirmed a hexagonal wurtzite structure for the ZnO and a tetragonal phase SnO2, without any change in the diffraction patterns or supplementary diffraction peaks. The morphology of the nanoparticles indicated fairly spherical shapes for the ZnO, that tend to agglomerate with increase in temperature. The SnO2 showed rectangular shapes at both temperatures of reaction, while the ZnO-SnO2 composite showed the presence of both morphologies of the component binary oxides.
Keywords:
Complex metal oxides; Green chemistry; SnO2; Zinc tin oxide; ZnO

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