#5332. Fallacy of higher-order reflective constructs

August 2026publication date
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Abstract:
This note argues that there is no sound rationale for using or developing hierarchical construct operationalizations or scales that are reflective at the highest or multiple levels. It is argued that there are no valid reasons to use, model, or develop such reflective higher-order constructs.
Keywords:
Hierarchical latent variables; Higher-order constructs; Reflective misspecification; Scale development

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