#4186. A Three-Dimensional Model for Evaluating Individual Differences in Tempo and Tempo Variation in Musical Performance

September 2026publication date
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Journal’s subject area:
Music;
Experimental and Cognitive Psychology;
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Abstract:
People differ from each other, and this includes performers of music. The study of individual differences is well established in many social science disciplines but has been largely neglected in music performance research. Focusing on tempo and tempo variation in performance, this article contributes to knowledge by describing a well-defined, clearly illustrated and systematically classified taxonomy for identifying differences in tempo and tempo variation. The model identifies six variables representing three dimensions of tempo and tempo variation: basic tempo, global tempo variation, and local tempo variation. It has the potential for providing researchers with a toolbox for analyzing differences among individual performers’ use of tempo and tempo variation by assessing the extent to which each of the variables is embodied in specific performances. Researchers could test the model further by analyzing a larger repertoire and/or carrying out experiments to generate more comprehensive knowledge about individual differences in performance style.
Keywords:
individual differences; music performance; music taxonomy; performance assessment; performance model; performance style; performance theory; piano performance; tempo

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