#4053. A Revisit of Zumbo’s Third Generation DIF: How Are We Doing in Language Testing?

September 2026publication date
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Journal’s subject area:
Language and Linguistics;
Linguistics and Language;
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Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to review the status of differential item functioning (DIF) research in language testing, particularly as it relates to the investigation of sources (or causes) of DIF, which is a defining characteristic of the third generation DIF. This review included 110 DIF studies of language tests dated from 1985 to 20XX. DIF research in language testing has expanded with new DIF analysis procedures, more grouping variables, and more diversified methods for investigating sources of DIF. In addition, in the early years of DIF research, methods to identify sources of DIF relied heavily on content analysis. This review showed that while more sophisticated statistical procedures have been adopted in recent years to address sources of DIF, understanding sources of DIF still remains a challenging task. We also discuss the pros and cons of existing methods to detect sources of DIF and implications for future investigations.
Keywords:
Investigation of sources; language testing; statistical procedures; the third generation DIF

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