#3950. Predicting second language listening functor comprehension probability with usage-based and embodiment approaches

September 2026publication date
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Journal’s subject area:
Language and Linguistics;
Linguistics and Language;
Education;
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Abstract:
Embodiment is a major paradigm of first language (L1) research but has not yet been widely adopted in second language (L2) research. The main objective of this research was to find evidence for the effects of sensorimotor embodiment on L2 listening comprehension rates. Frequency, word length, and Minkowski3 sensorimotor norms are significantly predictive of functor comprehension probability in an L2 listening task. 129 Japanese participants were administered a paused transcription test that contained twelve target phrases. Transcription of functors was the dependent variable. The independent variables were frequency, word length, and Minkowski3 sensorimotor ratings. These variables were analyzed with mixed-effects regressions. Greater frequency, longer word length, and higher Minkowski3 ratings were found to facilitate comprehension and significantly increase the probability that a functor was transcribed. No L2 study has used Minkowski3 sensorimotor ratings to predict L2 performance. Minkowski3 ratings quantify the relationship between language and the body.
Keywords:
embodiment; English; frequency; Listening; Minkowski3; usage-based; word length

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