#3814. Evaluating Free Rides and Observational Advantages in Set Visualizations

October 2026publication date
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Journal’s subject area:
Linguistics and Language;
Computer Science (miscellaneous);
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More details about the manuscript: Science Citation Index Expanded or/and Social Sciences Citation Index
Abstract:
Free rides and observational advantages occur in visualizations when they reveal facts that must be inferred from an alternative representation. This paper presents the first evaluations of free rides and observational advantages in visualizations of sets compared to text. Whilst their observational advantages yielded significant performance benefits over text, this was not universally true for free rides. The consequences are two-fold: more research is needed to establish when free rides are beneficial, and the results suggest that observational advantages better explain the cognitive advantages of diagrams over text. A take-away message is that visualizations with observational advantages are likely to be cognitively advantageous over competing representations.
Keywords:
Euler diagrams; Free rides; Linear diagrams; Observational advantages; Venn diagrams

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