#12062. Conservation, extraction and social contracts at a violent frontier: Evidence from eastern DRCs Itombwe Nature Reserve

August 2026publication date
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Journal’s subject area:
Sociology and Political Science;
Geography, Planning and Development;
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Abstract:
Conservation efforts must develop strategies to perform at violent frontiers where environmental values, mineral extraction, and conflict intersect. This article investigates how community conservation is implemented at a violent frontier. Based on the literature which portrays conservation as a form of ‘social contract’ in regions where the nation-state is weak or absent, it considers expectations and obligations that surround community conservation initiatives. It draws the conclusion that social contracts focused on conservation are likely to produce unintended consequences when left unfulfilled or broken. Conservation actors perceived to be breaking the terms of (implicit) social contracts can inadvertently encourage local communities to embrace alternative contracts with other actors seeking to extract value from the resources located in frontiers, such as industrial mining companies.
Keywords:
Community Conservation, Extraction, Social Contracts, Violent Frontiers, DRCongo

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