#11647. Collateral Consequences of School Suspension: Examining the ‘Knifing off’ Hypothesis

August 2026publication date
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Law;
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Abstract:
School exclusionary practices are routinely used in response to undesired behaviours in the school environment and have been shown to have resulted in unintentional or collateral consequences for youth. This study applies the labelling perspective’s knifing off concept to examine whether prosocial exposures and deviant peer associations mediate the relationship between school suspension, arrest, and offending behaviour. Using data from the LONGSCAN study, we examined whether suspension led to changes in prosocial peer association and activity involvement, increases in deviant peer association, and ultimately arrest and offending behaviour. Results provided support for the labelling perspective’s hypotheses, finding school suspension was indirectly associated with both arrest and offending behaviour via decreases in prosocial exposures and increases in deviant peer associations. Findings suggest policy makers should consider alternatives to school suspension where possible to avoid collateral consequences like reductions in prosocial exposures and deviant peer associations.
Keywords:
Arrest; Delinquency; Labeling; School suspension

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