#10158. The German Penal catalogue for fan misbehaviour in football: a model for other countries?

September 2026publication date
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More details about the manuscript: Science Citation Index Expanded or/and Social Sciences Citation Index
Abstract:
Clubs, fans and especially the active fan scene in Europe have criticised the penalties given by sports courts for fan misbehaviour as they perceive a lack of transparency and uniformity. The German Football Association (DFB) accepted the protests and criticisms as in 20XX they introduced sentencing guidelines that determine exact penalties for certain offences. In order to examine whether this approach could serve as a role model for other European countries, this paper investigates the fines and changes in transparency and uniformity. Three different studies are conducted. They include an analysis of 981 hand-collected past sentences imposed by the German courts; 26 expert interviews with representatives of the association, courts, clubs, sponsors, police, active fan scenes and ultra-groups; and 127 interviews with stadium visitors.
Keywords:
fan misbehaviour; fan protest; Football; punishment; sport jurisdiction; sport policy

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